PSA

Overview

PSA (prostate-specific antigen) is a protein made by the prostate gland. It can be elevated for reasons other than cancer, so a PSA result is best interpreted alongside age, symptoms, exam findings, and repeat testing over time.

What to know

PSA is often used as a screening tool in men in certain age groups, especially if there is a family history of prostate cancer. It can also be measured when someone has urinary symptoms, blood in urine, or concerns about prostate enlargement.

Common blood tests

A PSA blood test is the main test. It may be repeated or combined with digital rectal examination and sometimes MRI or biopsy if the result is higher than expected.

Signs to watch for

Urinary hesitancy, a weaker flow, getting up at night to pass urine, blood in the urine, pelvic pain, or unexplained weight loss can warrant assessment. Many men with a raised PSA do not have cancer, but the pattern matters.

Lifestyle information

Regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding smoking are all protective for overall prostate health. But there is no proven lifestyle change that safely normalises a concerning PSA result on its own.

When to seek medical advice

Talk to a doctor if you notice urinary symptoms or if PSA levels are higher than expected on repeat testing. Screening decisions should be personalised based on age, overall health, and personal risk.

Sources