Blood Pressure

Overview

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against artery walls. It is expressed as systolic over diastolic, with the top number reflecting the pressure when the heart contracts and the bottom when it relaxes.

What the numbers mean

A normal reading is generally below 120/80 mmHg. Levels consistently above this, particularly if they remain elevated over time, raise the risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and eye damage.

Risk factors

Age, family history, high salt intake, obesity, stress, smoking, alcohol, poor sleep, and conditions such as kidney disease or diabetes can all contribute to high blood pressure.

Common blood tests

There is no single blood test for blood pressure itself. Doctors often check kidney function, electrolytes, cholesterol, and blood sugar alongside the blood pressure reading to judge overall cardiovascular risk.

Lifestyle information

Reducing salt, getting regular activity, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol, not smoking, and managing stress can all lower blood pressure. Some people still need medication, but lifestyle changes can improve the outcome even when treatment is needed.

When to seek medical advice

Have your blood pressure monitored routinely, especially from midlife onwards. If you have very high readings with headache, chest pain, vision changes, or confusion, seek urgent assessment.

Sources